Why it matters
Makes real-world evaluation possible when true experiments are impractical.
A study estimating causal effects without full random assignment.
Why it matters
Makes real-world evaluation possible when true experiments are impractical.
How to handle it
Compare groups carefully and name the threats to causal interpretation.
Who shaped this idea
From concept to practice
Psipas asks you one small, honest question at a time — and builds the picture from your answers.